Library
We get our ideas and information from many different sources, such as books, journals and websites. When we write an assignment, we use relevant information from these sources to help us produce a well-argued answer that is supported by evidence. If we write something in an assignment and we don’t say where the idea or argument comes from, we could be accused of plagiarism. This guide will give you brief advice on how to refer to commonly used sources using the Chicago Style 17th Edition. Chicago is a notes and bibliography system.
Notes
When citing someone else’s ideas in your course work, you should do so in a note. All your note references should be numbered consecutively in superscript and each should have either a corresponding footnote at the bottom of the relevant page or an endnote at the end of your essay, immediately prior to your bibliography.
Bibliography
Your bibliography or reference list is located at the end of your assignment, or piece of work. Entries should be in alphabetical order. Names are given as surname, followed by forename of the first author and forename followed by surname for subsequent authors e.g.
Fletcher, Anthony and Diarmaid MacCulloch. Tudor Rebellions. Rev. 5th ed. Harlow:
Pearson Longman, 2008.
Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History. 4th ed. Harlow: Longman, 2006.
When compiling your notes and bibliography please ensure you follow the punctuation, italics and abbreviations given in the following examples, as these form part of the referencing style.
Book, single author
In the essay:
Tosh argues that history is more than a series of snapshots of the past, no matter how vivid and richly contextualized. 1
Footnote or endnote:
1. John Tosh, The Pursuit of History, 4th ed. (Harlow: Longman, 2006), 11.
In the bibliography
Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History. 4th ed. Harlow: Longman, 2006.
Book, two authors
In the essay:
According to Burke and Greenstein public statements made at the beginning of 1954 reveal increasing tension and disagreement among leading senators regarding unilateral intervention.7
Footnote or endnote:
7. John P. Burke and Fred I. Greenstein, How Presidents Test Reality: Decisions on
Vietnam 1954 and 1965. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991), 65.
In the bibliography:
Burke, John P., and Fred I. Greenstein. How Presidents Test Reality: Decisions on
Vietnam 1954 and 1965. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991.
Book, edited
If a book has an editor instead of an author, use the following:
In the essay:
The testimonies of Herbert Carter about the My Lai Massacre reveal some of the atrocities committed during the Vietnam War.12
Footnote or endnote:
12. Robert J. McMahon, ed., Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War:
Documents and Essays. 3rd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 238.
In the bibliography:
McMahon, Robert J., ed. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War:
Documents and Essays. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.
E-books
For e-books include a URL or the name of the database e.g. Early English Books Online.
In the essay:
Before the trial of Charles I, Henry Hammond wrote an address to Lord Fairfax and the council of war on behalf of his majesty in which he contested their assertions that the king had declared that victory was God-given.9
Footnote or endnote:
9. Henry Hammond, 1605-1660, To the Right Honourable, the Lord Fairfax, and His Councell of Vvarre: The Humble Addresse of Henry Hammond (London: Richard Royston, 1649), Early English Books Online.
In the bibliography:
Hammond, Henry, 1605-1660. To the Right Honourable, the Lord Fairfax, and His Councell of Vvarre: The Humble
Addresse of Henry Hammond. London, Printed for Richard Royston in Ivie-lane, 1649. Early English Books Online.
Chapter in book
Where books contain collections of chapters written by different authors you will need to reference the chapter you have read. Use double inverted commas around the title of the chapter.
In the essay:
Horrox argued that Richard felt supported and empowered by his network of royal servants to take the throne in 1483.6
Footnote or endnote:
6. Rosemary Horrox, “The Government of Richard III,” in Richard III: A Medieval Kingship, ed. John Gillingham (London: Collins & Brown, 1993), 61-2.
In the bibliography:
Horrox, Rosemary. “The Government of Richard III.” In Richard III: A Medieval Kingship, edited by John Gillingham,
57-74. London: Collins & Brown, 1993.
Journal article
In the essay:
According to Harling, the forced resignation of the Duke of York was humiliating but did not dent patriotic fervour.4
Footnote or endnote:
4. Philip Harling, “The Duke of York Affair (1809) and the Complexities of Wartime Patriotism,” Historical Journal 39, no.4 (1996): 963-84.
In the bibliography:
Harling, Philip. “The Duke of York Affair (1809) and the Complexities of Wartime Patriotism.” Historical Journal 39, no.4
(1996): 963-84.
Online journal article
In the essay:
Not all Russian refugees were Jews fleeing progroms.11
Footnote or endnote:
11. Anna Vaninskaya, “On Foreign Soil: Immigrants and the Past in Victorian Britain,” Journal of Victorian Culture 24, no.2 (2019): 243, doi:10.1093/jvcult/vcy060.
In bibliography:
Vaninskaya, Anna. “On Foreign Soil: Immigrants and the Past in Victorian Britain.” Journal of Victorian Culture, 24, no.2
(2019): 241-260. doi:10.1093/jvcult/vcy060.
If you found the full text article by using a database then use the following (note: JSTOR is the name of the database used in this example):
In the essay:
According to Sharpe the desire for domestic bliss in sixteenth and seventeenth-century England was not dissimilar to modern-day expectations of marriage.14
Footnote or endnote:
14. J. A. Sharpe, “Domestic Homicide in Early Modern England,” Historical Journal 24, no.1 (1981): 48, JSTOR.
In bibliography:
Sharpe, J. A. “Domestic Homicide in Early Modern England.” Historical Journal 24, no.1 (1981): 29-48. JSTOR.
Newspaper article
In the essay:
According to a national survey, thousands of historic monuments are at risk.3
Footnote or endnote:
3. Dalya Alberge, “Ancient Monuments Are Being Consigned to Dustbin of History,” The Times, July 9, 2008,17.
In bibliography:
Alberge, Dalya. “Ancient Monuments Are Being Consigned to Dustbin of History.” The Times, July 9, 2008.
Note: Page numbers can be cited in a note but should be omitted from the bibliography.
Webpage
In the essay:
An answer to the Jews is given in the translation of the Writings of Tertullian.5
Footnote or endnote:
5. Roger Pearse, “The Tertullian Project,” last modified January 26, 2018, http://www.tertullian.org.
In bibliography:
Pearse, Roger. ” The Tertullian Project.” Last modified January 26, 2018. http://www.tertullian.org.
Note: If a source does not have a date of publication or last modified date, include an accessed date.
Using direct quotations
• For quotations of less than 10 lines include in the text of your course work and use double quotation marks.
• For quotations of 10 or more lines indent the whole quotation on the left-hand side.
Can’t find the example you need?
For a more comprehensive guide, with examples of many other types of reference sources, see this publication:
The Chicago Manual of Style. 17th ed. London: University of Chicago Press, 2017.
This book is available to borrow from Augustine House Library at classmark 808.0270973 CHI.
There is also a citation guide at the Chicago Manual of Style website.